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Ho tloha ha ba kena tlhahiso ea indasteri lilemong tsa bo-1940, li-surfactants li 'nile tsa sebelisoa haholo' me li rorisoa e le "MSG ea indasteri." Limolek'hule tsa surfactant li na le litšobotsi tsa amphiphilic, tse li nolofalletsang ho bokellana holim'a metsi ka tharollo e nang le metsi, e fetolang tharollo haholo. Ho ipapisitse le karo-karolelano ea likarolo tsa hydrophilic ho hydrophobic le sebopeho sa limolek'hule, li-surfactants li bonts'a thepa e fapaneng. Li na le mefuta e mengata ea litšoaneleho tsa physicochemical, ho kenyelletsa ho qhalakanngoa, ho kolobisa kapa ho thibela ho khomarela, emulsification kapa demulsification, foaming kapa defoaming, solubilization, ho hlatsoa, ​​ho boloka, le liphello tsa antistatic. Lintho tsena tsa mantlha li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho daea le ho sebetsa ka masela. Lipalo-palo li bontša hore ho sebelisoa mefuta e fetang 3,000 indastering ea masela, e leng ea bohlokoa nakong eohle ea tlhahiso, ho kenyeletsoa ho hloekisa fiber, ho ohla, ho loha, ho daea, ho hatisa le ho qeta. Karolo ea bona ke ho ntlafatsa boleng ba masela, ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho loha ea likhoele, le ho khutsufatsa linako tsa ho sebetsa; ka hona, li-surfactants li kenya letsoho haholo indastering ea masela.

 

1. Likopo tsa li-surfactants indastering ea masela

 

1.1 Mokhoa oa ho Hlatsoa

Ts'ebetsong ea ho hlatsoa masela, ho bohlokoa hore u se ke ua nahana feela ka phello ea ho hlatsoa empa hape le bonolo ba lesela le litaba tse ka senyehang. Ka hona, nts'etsopele ea li-surfactants tse ncha tse fanang ka katleho e ntle ea ho hloekisa ha li ntse li boloka bonolo le botsitso ba 'mala oa lesela e se e le taba ea bohlokoa ea lipatlisiso tsa surfactant kajeno. Ka tlhokomeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea ts'ireletso ea tikoloho le litšitiso tse matla tsa machaba tsa tikoloho tse tobaneng le thomello ea masela kantle ho naha, ho nts'etsapele lihlatsoa tse sebetsang hantle, tse sa hlekoeng hanyane, le tse senyehang habonolo e se e le taba e potlakileng indastering ea masela.

1.2 Ho sebetsa ha Dae

Li-surfactants li sebetsa ka likarolo tse ngata, li sebetsa e le li-disperants bakeng sa ho lokisa dae le joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa ho daea. Hajoale, li-surfactants tsa anionic li sebelisoa haholo e le li-dispersants, ho kenyelletsa naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensates le lignin sulfonates. Li-surfactants tsa nonionic tse kang nonylphenol ethoxylates hangata li kopantsoe le mefuta e meng ea li-surfactants. Li-surfactants tsa cationic le tsa zwitterionic li na le meeli e itseng ha li sebelisoa. Ha mahlale a macha a ho daea, joalo ka ho daea ka microwave, ho daea foam, khatiso ea dijithale, le ho daea ha mokelikeli o phahameng ka ho fetesisa, ho butsoitseng, litlhoko tsa li-agent le li- dispersants li se li le boima le ho feta.

1.3 Liemeli tse thobang

Pele ho dauoa le ho phethoa, hangata masela a etsoa liphekolo tsa pele tse kang ho hloekisoa le ho soeufala, e leng se ka fellang ka ho utloa bohloko ka letsoho. Ho fana ka letsoho le tšoarellang, le boreleli le le bonolo, lintho tse nolofatsang—tseo boholo ba tsona e leng li-surfactants— lia hlokahala. Li-anionic softening agents li 'nile tsa sebelisoa ka nako e telele empa li tobane le mathata ho adsorption ka lebaka la tefiso e mpe ea likhoele ka metsing, e leng se bakang liphello tse fokolang tse fokolang. Mefuta e meng e loketse ho sebelisoa lioling tsa masela joalo ka likarolo tse nolofatsang, ho kenyeletsoa sulfosuccinate le oli ea sulfated castor.

Li-nonionic softening agents li hlahisa matsoho a ikutloa a tšoana le anionic ntle le ho baka ho fetoha ha dae; li ka sebelisoa le li-anionic kapa cationic softening agents empa li na le fiber e fokolang ea adsorption le nako e tlaase ea nako e telele. Li sebelisoa haholo-holo ka mor'a ho qeta li-cellulosic fibers hape e le likaroloana tse nolofatsang le tse boreleli ho li-agent tsa oli tsa maiketsetso. Lihlopha tse kang pentaerythritol fatty acid esters le sorbitan fatty acid esters li bohlokoa, haholo-holo ho fokotsa khohlano ea likhohlano bakeng sa li-cellulosic le li-synthetic fibers.

Li-Cationic surfactants li bonts'a tlamahano e matla ka likhoele tse fapaneng, li mamella mocheso ebile li mamella ho hlatsuoa, li fana ka matsoho a monate le a bonolo. Li boetse li fana ka thepa ea antistatic le liphello tse ntle tsa antibacterial, e leng se etsang hore e be lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa le tse sebelisoang haholo ho nolofatsa. Bongata ba li-surfactants tsa cationic ke metsoako e nang le naetrojene, hangata e kenyelletsang letsoai la quarternary ammonium. Har'a tsona, metsoako ea dihydroxyethyl quaternary ammonium e hlahella bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea bona e ikhethang ea ho nolofatsa, ho fihlela litholoana tse ntle ka ts'ebeliso ea 0.1% ho isa ho 0.2% feela, ntle le ts'ebetso ea ho kolobisa le antistatic, leha e le kholo ebile e baka mathata a ho senyeha ha tlhaho. Moloko o mocha oa lihlahisoa tse tala hangata o na le li-surfactants tse nang le lihlopha tsa ester, amide, kapa hydroxyl tse ka senyehang habonolo ke likokoana-hloko hore li be mafura a acid, kahoo li fokotsa tšusumetso ea tikoloho.

1.4 Antistatic Agents

Ho felisa kapa ho thibela motlakase o tsitsitseng o hlahisoang nakong ea mekhoa e fapaneng ea masela le ts'ebetsong ea ho qeta lesela, li-antistatic agents lia hlokahala. Mosebetsi oa bona o ka sehloohong ke ho fana ka ho boloka mongobo le thepa ea ionic libakeng tsa fiber, ho fokotsa thepa e sireletsang le ho eketsa conductivity ho fokotsa litefiso le ho felisa kapa ho thibela motlakase o tsitsitseng. Har'a li-surfactants, li-anionic antistatic agents ke tsona tse fapaneng ka ho fetisisa. Oli e nang le sulfated, mafura a acid le lino tse tahang tse nang le k'habone e ngata li ka fana ka lintho tse thibelang boemo, ho nolofatsa, ho tlotsa le ho etsa emulsifying. Alkyl sulfates, haholo-holo letsoai la ammonium le letsoai la ethanolamine, li na le katleho e phahameng ea antistatic.

Ho feta moo, li-alkylphenol ethoxylate sulfate li hlahella har'a li-anionic antistatic agents bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea tsona e phahameng. Ka kakaretso, li-surfactants tsa cationic ha se feela li-antistatic agents tse sebetsang hantle empa hape li fana ka thepa e ntle ea ho tlotsa le ho khomarela fiber. Litšitiso tsa bona li kenyelletsa ho fifala ha dae, ho se be bonolo ha dae, ho se tsamaellane le li-anionic surfactants, ho bola ha tšepe, chefo e ngata, le ho hlohlona ha letlalo, ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea tsona haholo-holo ho lokisa lesela ho fapana le ho sebelisa oli. Li-Cationic surfactants tse sebelisoang e le li-antistatic agents haholo-holo li na le metsoako ea quaternary ammonium le li-amide tse mafura a acid. Li-surfactants tsa Zwitterionic, joalo ka betaines, li fana ka litlamorao tse ntle tsa antistatic le lubrication, emulsifying, le thepa ea ho hasanya.

Li-surfactants tsa Nonionic li bonts'a ho boloka mongobo o matla 'me li loketse maemo a mongobo a tlase a likhoele. Ha e le hantle ha e ame ts'ebetso ea dae 'me e khona ho fetola viscosity holim'a mefuta e mengata e fapaneng, e hlahisa chefo e fokolang le ho teneha ha letlalo, e leng ho nolofatsang tšebeliso ea tsona e pharaletseng e le likarolo tsa bohlokoa ho oli ea maiketsetso-haholo-holo mafura a joala ethoxylates le fatty acid polyethylene glycol esters.

1.5 Li-Penetrants le Liemeli tsa ho Wetting

Li-penetants le li-wetting agents ke li-additives tse khothalletsang ho koloba ka potlako ha fiber kapa bokaholimo ba lesela ka metsi le ho nolofatsa ho kenella ha metsi ka har'a sebopeho sa fiber. Li-surfactants tse lumellang maro ho kenella kapa ho potlakisa ho kenella ha mokelikeli ka har'a lintho tse tiileng li bitsoa penetants. Ho kenella ho itshetlehile hodima ho koloba ho lekaneng ho hlahang pele. Ho kolobisa ho bolela tekanyo eo mokelikeli o hasanang holim'a sebaka se tiileng ha se kopane. Ka hona, li-penetants le li-wetting agents ha li sebelisoe feela lits'ebetsong tsa pele ho kalafo tse kang deizing, beiling, mercerizing, le bleaching empa hape le ka mokhoa o pharaletseng oa ho hatisa le ho qeta.

Litšobotsi tse hlokehang ho ba kenang le ho nosetsa li kenyelletsa: 1) ho hanyetsa metsi a thata le alkali; 2) matla a ho kenella ka matla ho khutsufatsa nako ea ho sebetsa; 3) ntlafatso e kholo ea capillarity ea masela a phekoloang. Li-Cationic surfactants ha li tšoanelehe ho ba lisebelisoa tsa ho kolobisa hobane li ka khahla holim'a likhoele le ho sitisa ho kolobisa. Li-surfactants tsa Zwitterionic li na le meeli e itseng ts'ebetsong. Kahoo, li-surfactants tse sebelisoang e le ba kenang le ho nosetsa haholo-holo li na le li-anionic le li-nonionic surfactants. Ntle le moo, li-surfactants indastering ea masela li boetse li sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tse hloekisang, li-emulsifiers, li-foaming agents, li-sleeling agents, li-fixing agents, le lintho tse lelekang metsi.

Alkyl polyglucoside (APG) ke bio-surfactant e entsoeng ka joala bo mafura a tlhaho le tsoekere e nkiloeng mehloling e ka nchafatsoang. Ke mofuta o mocha oa li-nonionic surfactant tse nang le ts'ebetso e felletseng, e kopanyang thepa ea li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng tsa nonionic le anionic. E amohelwa matjhabeng e le sedudi se ratwang se "tala", se tsebahalang ka tshebetso e phahameng, polokeho e ntle ya tikoloho, le ho qhibidiha ha metsi.