Lethathamo la Litaba Bakeng sa Sengoloa Sena:
1. Nts'etsopele ea Amino Acids
2. Lintho tsa sebopeho
3. Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale
4.Karolelano
5. Tšimoloho
6. Physicochemical properties
7. Chefo
8. Tšebetso ea likokoana-hloko
9. Thepa ea mali
10. Likopo tsa indasteri ea litlolo
11. Likopo tsa litlolo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi
Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)ke sehlopha sa li-surfactants tse entsoeng ka ho kopanya lihlopha tsa hydrophobic le Amino Acids e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta. Tabeng ena, Amino Acids e ka etsoa kapa e nkiloeng ho protheine hydrolysates kapa mehloli e tšoanang e ka nchafatsoang. Pampiri ena e akaretsa lintlha tse ngata tsa litsela tse fumanehang tsa maiketsetso bakeng sa AAS le phello ea litsela tse fapaneng ka thepa ea physicochemical ea lihlahisoa tsa ho qetela, ho kenyelletsa le ho qhibiliha, ho tsitsa ha ho qhalakanngoa, chefo le ho senyeha ha lintho tse phelang. E le sehlopha sa li-surfactants tse ntseng li eketseha tlhokahalo, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a AAS ka lebaka la sebopeho sa bona se fapaneng ho fana ka menyetla e mengata ea khoebo.
Kaha li-surfactants li sebelisoa haholo ho li-detergents, emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, ho hlaphoheloa ha oli ea thuto e phahameng le meriana, bafuputsi ha ba e-s'o khaotse ho ela hloko li-surfactants.
Li-surfactants ke lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tse emelang ka ho fetisisa tse jeoang ka bongata letsatsi le leng le le leng ho pota lefatše 'me li bile le phello e mpe tikolohong ea metsing.Liphuputso li bontšitse hore tšebeliso e pharaletseng ea li-surfactants tsa setso e ka ba le phello e mpe tikolohong.
Kajeno, ho se chefo, biodegradability le biocompatibility li batla li le bohlokoa ho bareki joalo ka ts'ebeliso le ts'ebetso ea li-surfactants.
Li-biosurfactants ke li-surfactants tse tšoarellang tikolohong tseo ka tlhaho li entsoeng ke likokoana-hloko tse kang libaktheria, li-fungus le tomoso, kapa tse sirelelitsoeng kantle ho sele.Ka hona, li-biosurfactants le tsona li ka lokisoa ka moralo oa limolek'hule ho etsisa meaho ea tlhaho ea amphiphilic, joalo ka phospholipids, alkyl glycosides le acyl Amino Acids.
Li-amino Acid surfactants (AAS)ke e 'ngoe ea li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng, tseo hangata li hlahisoang ho tsoa ho liphoofolo kapa lihlahisoa tse hlahisoang ke temo. Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, AAS e khahlile thahasello e kholo ho tsoa ho bo-ramahlale joalo ka li-surfactants tse ncha, eseng feela hobane li ka etsoa ho tsoa mehloling e ka nchafatsoang, empa hape hobane AAS e senyeha habonolo ebile e na le lihlahisoa tse se nang kotsi, tse etsang hore li bolokehe bakeng sa tikoloho.
AAS e ka hlalosoa e le sehlopha sa li-surfactants tse nang le Amino Acids tse nang le lihlopha tsa Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH 2) kapa masala a Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH-). Libaka tse 2 tse sebetsang tsa Amino Acids li lumella ho ntšoa ha mefuta e mengata ea li-surfactants. Kakaretso ea 20 e tloaelehileng ea Proteinogenic Amino Acids e tsejoa e le teng tlholehong 'me e ikarabella bakeng sa karabelo eohle ea 'mele kholong le mesebetsing ea bophelo. Li fapane ho tse ling feela ho ea ka masala a R (Setšoantšo sa 1, pk a ke logarithm e mpe ea acid dissociation constant of solution). Tse ling ha li na polar le hydrophobic, tse ling ke polar le hydrophilic, tse ling ke tsa motheo 'me tse ling li na le asiti.
Hobane Amino Acids ke metsoako e ka nchafatsoang, li-surfactants tse entsoeng ho tsoa ho Amino Acids le tsona li na le monyetla o moholo oa ho tšoarella le ho baballa tikoloho. Sebopeho se bonolo le sa tlhaho, chefo e tlaase le ho senyeha ha lintho ka potlako hangata li etsa hore li phahametse li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng. Ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse tala tse ka nchafatsoang (mohlala, Li-Amino Acids le oli ea meroho), AAS e ka hlahisoa ke litsela tse fapaneng tsa biotechnology le litsela tsa lik'hemik'hale.
Mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, li-amino Acids li ile tsa sibolloa ka lekhetlo la pele hore li sebelisoa e le li-substrates bakeng sa motsoako oa li-surfactants.AAS e ne e sebelisoa haholo-holo e le li-preservatives mefuteng ea meriana le ea litlolo.Ho phaella moo, AAS e ile ea fumanoa e sebetsa ka likokoana-hloko khahlanong le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea libaktheria tse bakang mafu, lihlahala le likokoana-hloko. Ka 1988, ho fumaneha ha AAS ea theko e tlaase ho hlahisitse thahasello ea lipatlisiso mesebetsing e ka holimo. Kajeno, ka nts'etsopele ea biotechnology, Amino Acids e 'ngoe le eona e khona ho etsoa khoebong ka tekanyo e kholo ka tomoso, e leng se pakang ka tsela e sa tobang hore tlhahiso ea AAS e baballa tikoloho.
01 Ntlafatso ea Amino Acids
Ho tloha qalong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ha li-amino Acids tsa tlhaho li qala ho sibolloa, ho ile ha boleloa esale pele hore meaho ea tsona e tla ba ea bohlokoa haholo - e ka sebelisoa e le lisebelisoa tse tala bakeng sa ho lokisa li-amphiphile. Boithuto ba pele mabapi le ho qaptjoa ha AAS bo tlalehiloe ke Bondi ka 1909.
Phuputsong eo, N-acylglycine le N-acylalanine li ile tsa hlahisoa e le lihlopha tsa hydrophilic bakeng sa li-surfactants. Mosebetsi o latelang o ne o kenyelletsa tlhahiso ea lipoAmino Acids (AAS) e sebelisang glycine le alanine, le Hentrich et al. e hatisitse letoto la liphumano,ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso ea pele ea patent, ts'ebelisong ea acyl sarcosinate le matsoai a acyl aspartate joalo ka li-surfactants lihlahisoa tsa ho hloekisa malapeng (mohlala, li-shampoo, li-detergents le sesepa sa meno).Ka mor'a moo, bafuputsi ba bangata ba ile ba etsa lipatlisiso ka sebopeho le thepa ea physicochemical ea acyl Amino Acids. Ho fihlela joale, lingoliloeng tse ngata li phatlalalitsoe mabapi le motsoako, thepa, ts'ebeliso ea indasteri le ho senyeha ha bioloji ea AAS.
02 Thepa ea Sebopeho
Liketane tsa non-polar hydrophobic fatty acid tsa AAS li ka fapana ka sebopeho, bolelele ba ketane le palo.Phapang ea meralo le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea bokaholimo ba AAS e hlalosa mefuta-futa ea tsona e pharalletseng ea metsoako le thepa ea fisiks le ea tlhaho. Lihlopha tsa hlooho tsa AAS li entsoe ka Amino Acids kapa peptide. Liphapang tsa lihlopha tsa lihlooho li etsa qeto ea ho bapatsa, ho kopanya le ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko ea li-surfactants tsena. Lihlopha tse sebetsang ka har'a sehlopha sa hlooho li khetha mofuta oa AAS, ho akarelletsa le cationic, anionic, nonionic, le amphoteric. Motsoako oa hydrophilic Amino Acids le likaroloana tsa ketane e telele tsa hydrophobic li theha sebopeho sa amphiphilic se etsang hore molek'hule e sebetse haholo. Ho feta moo, ho ba teng ha liathomo tsa asymmetric carbon ka molek'hule ho thusa ho theha limolek'hule tsa chiral.
03 Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale
Li-Peptide le Polypeptides kaofela ke lihlahisoa tsa Polymerization tsa tsena tse ka bang 20 α-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids. Kaofela 20 α-Amino Acids e na le sehlopha se sebetsang sa carboxylic acid (-COOH) le sehlopha se sebetsang sa amino (-NH 2), ka bobeli ba khomaretsoe ho tetrahedral α-carbon athomo e tšoanang. Li-Amino Acids li fapane ho tse ling ka lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa R tse khomaretsoeng ho α-carbon (ntle le lycine, moo sehlopha sa R e leng hydrogen.) Lihlopha tsa R li ka fapana ka sebopeho, boholo le tefiso (acidity, alkalinity). Liphapano tsena li boetse li etsa qeto ea ho qhibiliha ha Amino Acids metsing.
Li-Amino Acids ke chiral (ntle le glycine) 'me li sebetsa ka tsela ea tlhaho hobane li na le likarolo tse' nè tse fapaneng tse amanang le alpha carbon. Li-amino Acids li na le li-conformations tse peli tse ka khonehang; ke litšoantšo tsa seipone tse sa feteng tsa tse ling, leha palo ea L-stereoisomers e phahame haholo. Sehlopha sa R se teng ho tse ling tsa Amino Acids (Phenylalanine, Tyrosine le Tryptophan) ke aryl, e lebisang ho ho monya ha UV ho 280 nm. Li-acidic α-COOH le α-NH 2 ea motheo ho Amino Acids li khona ho ionization, 'me li-stereoisomer ka bobeli, ho sa tsotellehe hore na ke life, li haha equilibrium ea ionization e bontšitsoeng ka tlase.
R-COOH ↔R-COO－＋H＋
R-NH3＋↔R-NH2＋H＋
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe tekano ea ionization ka holimo, li-amino acid li na le bonyane lihlopha tse peli tse fokolang tse nang le asiti; leha ho le joalo, sehlopha sa carboxyl se na le asiti haholo ha se bapisoa le sehlopha sa amino se protonated. pH 7.4, sehlopha sa carboxyl se theohile ha sehlopha sa amino se ntse se hlahisoa. Li-amino acid tse nang le lihlopha tsa R tse sa boneng ha li nke lehlakore ka motlakase ho pH ena 'me li etsa zwitterion.
04 Karolelano
AAS e ka aroloa ho latela mekhoa e mene, e hlalositsoeng ka tlase ka ho latellana.
4.1 Ho ea ka tšimoloho
| Ho ea ka tšimoloho, AAS e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo ea 2 ka tsela e latelang. ① Sehlopha sa Tlhaho Metsoako e meng ea tlhaho e nang le li-amino acid le eona e na le bokhoni ba ho fokotsa tsitsipano ea sefahleho / sefahleho, 'me e meng e bile e feta matla a glycolipids. Li-AAS tsena li boetse li tsejoa e le lipopeptides. Lipopeptides ke metsoako e tlase ea boima ba limolek'hule, hangata e hlahisoang ke mefuta ea Bacillus.
Li-AAS tse joalo li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 3:surfactin, iturin le fengycin.
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| Lelapa la li-peptide tse sebetsang ka holim'a metsi le kenyelletsa mefuta e fapaneng ea heptapeptide ea lintho tse fapaneng,joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 2a, moo ketane ea C12-C16 unsaturated β-hydroxy fatty acid e amanang le peptide. Peptide e sebetsang ka holim'a metsi ke macrocyclic lactone eo ho eona lesale le koetsoeng ka catalysis pakeng tsa C-terminus ea β-hydroxy fatty acid le peptide. Karolong e ka tlase ea iturin, ho na le mefuta e tšeletseng ea mantlha, e leng iturin A le C, mycosubtilin le bacillomycin D, F le L.Maemong 'ohle, li-heptapeptides li amahanngoa le liketane tsa C14-C17 tsa β-amino fatty acids (maketane a ka ba a sa tšoaneng). Tabeng ea ekurimycins, sehlopha sa amino sebakeng sa β se ka theha maqhama a amide le C-terminus kahoo se etsa sebopeho sa macrocyclic lactam.
Fengycin e ka tlase e na le fengycin A le B, eo hape e bitsoang plipastatin ha Tyr9 e entsoe ka D.Decapeptide e amahanngoa le ketane ea C14 -C18 e tletseng kapa e sa tsitsang ea β-hydroxy fatty acid. Ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, plipastatin e boetse e na le macrocyclic lactone, e nang le ketane ea lehlakoreng la Tyr sebakeng sa 3 sa tatellano ea peptide le ho etsa setlamo sa ester le masala a C-terminal, kahoo e etsa sebopeho sa lesale la ka hare (joalokaha ho le joalo ho lipopeptide tse ngata tsa Pseudomonas).
② Sehlopha sa Synthetic AAS e ka boela ea etsoa ka ho sebelisa leha e le efe ea acidic, ea motheo le e sa nke lehlakore ea amino acid. Li-amino acid tse tloaelehileng tse sebelisoang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea AAS ke glutamic acid, serine, proline, aspartic acid, glycine, arginine, alanine, leucine, le protheine hydrolysates. Sehlopha sena sa li-surfactants se ka lokisoa ka mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale, enzymatic, le chemoenzymatic; leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa tlhahiso ea AAS, motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale o ka khoneha haholoanyane moruong. Mehlala e tloaelehileng e kenyelletsa N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid le N-palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid.
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4.2 E ipapisitse le li-substituents tsa ketane ea aliphatic
Ho ipapisitsoe le li-substituents tsa ketane ea aliphatic, li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho amino acid li ka aroloa ka mefuta e 'meli.
Ho ya ka boemo ba moemedi
| ①N-e nkeloe sebaka ke AAS Ka metsoako ea N-substituted, sehlopha sa amino se nkeloa sebaka ke sehlopha sa lipophilic kapa sehlopha sa carboxyl, se bakang tahlehelo ea motheo. mohlala o bonolo oa N-substituted AAS ke N-acyl amino acid, tseo ha e le hantle e leng li-anionic surfactants. n-substituted AAS e na le tlamo ea amide e kopantsoeng pakeng tsa likarolo tsa hydrophobic le hydrophilic. Amide bond e na le bokhoni ba ho theha bond ea haedrojene, e thusang ho senyeha ha surfactant ena tikolohong e nang le asiti, kahoo e etsa hore e senyehe.
②C-e nkeloe sebaka ke AAS Ka metsoako ea C-substituted, ho nkela sebaka ho etsahala sehlopheng sa carboxyl (ka amide kapa ester bond). Metsoako e tloaelehileng e nkeloang sebaka ke C (mohlala, li-ester kapa li-amides) ha e le hantle ke li-surfactants tsa cationic.
③N- le C-e nketse sebaka AAS Mofuteng ona oa surfactant, lihlopha tsa amino le carboxyl ke karolo ea hydrophilic. Mofuta ona ha e le hantle o na le amphoteric surfactant. |
4.3 Ho ea ka palo ea mehatla ea hydrophobic
Ho latela palo ea lihlopha tsa lihlooho le mehatla ea hydrophobic, AAS e ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse 'nè. Straight-chain AAS, Gemini (dimer) mofuta AAS, Glycerolipid mofuta AAS, le bicephalic amphiphilic (Bola) mofuta AAS. li-surfactants tse otlolohileng ke li-surfactants tse nang le li-amino acid tse nang le mohatla o le mong feela oa hydrophobic (Setšoantšo sa 3). Mofuta oa Gemini oa AAS o na le lihlopha tse peli tsa amino acid tsa polar le mehatla e 'meli ea hydrophobic ka molek'hule (Setšoantšo sa 4). Mofuteng ona oa sebopeho, li-AAS tse peli tse otlolohileng li kopantsoe hammoho ke spacer 'me ka hona li bitsoa dimers. Mofuteng oa Glycerolipid AAS, ka lehlakoreng le leng, mehatla e 'meli ea hydrophobic e khomaretsoe sehlopheng se le seng sa lihlooho tsa amino acid. Li-surfactants tsena li ka nkoa e le li-analogues tsa monoglycerides, diglycerides le phospholipids, ha ho mofuta oa Bola-AAS, lihlopha tse peli tsa lihlooho tsa amino acid li hokahanngoa ke mohatla oa hydrophobic.
4.4 Ho ea ka mofuta oa sehlopha sa hlooho
①Cationic AAS
Sehlopha sa hlooho sa mofuta ona oa surfactant se na le tefiso e ntle. AAS ea pele ea cationic ke ethyl cocoyl arginate, e leng pyrrolidone carboxylate. Litšobotsi tse ikhethang le tse fapaneng tsa sebolaea sena se etsa hore e be molemo ho sebolaea-likokoana-hloko, li-antimicrobial agents, antistatic agents, li-conditioner tsa moriri, hammoho le ho ba bonolo mahlong le letlalong le ho senyeha habonolo. Singare le Mhatre ba ile ba kopanya cationic AAS e thehiloeng ho arginine le ho hlahloba litšobotsi tsa bona tsa physicochemical. Phuputsong ena, ba ile ba batla lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa lihlahisoa tse fumanoang ho sebelisoa maemo a karabelo ea Schotten-Baumann. Ka bolelele bo ntseng bo eketseha ba ketane ea alkyl le hydrophobicity, ts'ebetso ea holim'a sepakapaka e ile ea fumanoa e eketseha le Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc) ea fokotseha. E 'ngoe ke protheine ea quaternary acyl, e atisang ho sebelisoa e le conditioner lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea moriri.
②Anionic AAS
Ho li-anionic surfactants, sehlopha sa polar head of the surfactant se na le tefiso e mpe. Sarcosine (CH 3 -NH-CH 2 -COOH, N-methylglycine), amino acid e atisang ho fumanoa li-urchins tsa leoatle le linaleli tsa leoatle, e amana ka lik'hemik'hale le glycine (NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH,), e leng amino acid ea motheo e fumanoeng. liseleng tsa liphoofolo tse anyesang. -COOH,) e amana le lik'hemik'hale le glycine, e leng amino acid ea motheo e fumanoang liseleng tsa mammalian. Lauric acid, tetradecanoic acid, oleic acid le halides le li-ester tsa tsona hangata li sebelisoa ho etsa li-surfactants tsa sarcosinate. Li-Sarcosinate ka tlhaho li bonolo, ka hona li sebelisoa hangata ho hlatsoa melomo, li-shampoo, li-foams tsa ho kuta, litlolo tse sireletsang letsatsi, li hloekisa letlalo, le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa litlolo.
Tse ling tsa anionic AAS tse fumanehang khoebong li kenyelletsa Amisoft CS-22 le AmiliteGCK-12, e leng mabitso a khoebo bakeng sa sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate le potassium N-cocoyl glycinate, ka ho latellana. Amilite e atisa ho sebelisoa e le ntho e phophomang, sesepa, solubilizer, emulsifier le dispersant, 'me e na le lisebelisoa tse ngata ho litlolo, tse kang li-shampoo, sesepa ea ho hlapa, lihlapa tsa 'mele, sesepa sa meno, li hloekisa sefahleho, sesepa ea ho hloekisa, li-lens tse hloekisang le lisebelisoa tsa ntlo. Amisoft e sebelisoa joalo ka sehloekisi se bonolo sa letlalo le moriri, haholo lihloekising tsa sefahleho le 'mele, li thibela litlolo tsa maiketsetso, lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea' mele, li-shampoo le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo.
③zwitterionic kapa amphoteric AAS
Li-amphoteric surfactants li na le libaka tse nang le asiti le tsa mantlha, ka hona li ka fetola tefiso ea tsona ka ho fetola boleng ba pH. Mecheng ea litaba tsa alkaline li itšoara joaloka li-anionic surfactants, ha li le libakeng tse nang le asiti li itšoara joaloka li-surfactants tsa cationic le mecha ea litaba e sa nke lehlakore joaloka li-amphoteric surfactants. Lauryl lysine (LL) le alkoxy (2-hydroxypropyl) arginine ke tsona feela tse tsejoang ka li-amphoteric surfactants tse thehiloeng ho li-amino acid. LL ke sehlahisoa sa condensation sa lysine le lauric acid. Ka lebaka la sebopeho sa eona sa amphoteric, LL ha e qhibilihe hoo e batlang e le mefuta eohle ea metsoako, ntle le lihlahisoa tse nang le alkaline kapa acidic haholo. Joalo ka phofo ea manyolo, LL e khomarela hantle libakeng tsa hydrophilic le coefficient e tlase ea likhohlano, e fanang ka bokhoni bo botle ba ho tlotsa bo botle. LL e sebelisoa haholo litlolong tsa letlalo le litlolo tsa moriri, hape e sebelisoa joalo ka setlolo.
④Nonionic AAS
Li-surfactants tsa Nonionic li khetholloa ke lihlopha tsa hlooho ea polar ntle le litefiso tsa molao. Li-surfactants tse ncha tse robeli tsa ethoxylated nonionic li ile tsa lokisoa ke Al-Sabagh et al. ho tsoa ho α-amino acid e qhibilihang ka oli. Ts'ebetsong ena, L-phenylalanine (LEP) le L-leucine li ile tsa qala ho etsoa esterified ka hexadecanol, tsa lateloa ke amidation le palmitic acid ho fana ka li-amide tse peli le li-ester tse peli tsa α-amino acid. Li-amides le li-ester li ile tsa kenella ka har'a condensation ka ethylene oxide ho lokisa tse tharo tsa phenylalanine tse nang le lipalo tse fapaneng tsa li-unit tsa polyoxyethylene (40, 60 le 100). Li-AAS tsena tsa nonionic li fumanoe li e-na le thepa e ntle ea detergency le foaming.
05 Tšimoloho
5.1 Tsela ea motheo ea maiketsetso
Ho AAS, lihlopha tsa hydrophobic li ka kopanngoa le libaka tsa amine kapa carboxylic acid, kapa ka liketane tse ka thōko tsa amino acid. Ho itšetlehile ka sena, litsela tse 'nè tsa motheo tsa maiketsetso li fumaneha, joalokaha ho bontšitsoe setšoantšong sa 5.
Fig.5 Litsela tsa motheo tsa motsoako oa li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho amino acid
| Tsela ea 1. Amphiphilic ester amines di hlahiswa ke esterification reactions, moo tabeng ea surfactant synthesis hangata finyelloang refluxing mafura alcohols le amino acid boteng ba dehydrating agent le asiti catalyst. Lits'ebetsong tse ling, sulfuric acid e sebetsa e le ntho e thusang le e senyang metsi.
Tsela ea 2. Li-amino acid tse sebetsang li sebetsana le li-alkylamine ho theha li-amide bond, e leng se bakang motsoako oa li-amphiphilic amidoamines.
Tsela ea 3. Li-amido acid li entsoe ka ho sebetsana le lihlopha tsa amine tsa amino acid le Amido Acids.
Mokhoa oa 4. Li-alkyl amino acid tsa ketane e telele li entsoe ke karabelo ea lihlopha tsa amine tse nang le li-haloalkanes. |
5.2 Tsoelo-pele ea ho kopanya le ho hlahisa
5.2.1 Tšimoloho ea li-surfactants tsa amino acid / peptide tsa ketane e le 'ngoe
N-acyl kapa O-acyl amino acid kapa peptide e ka etsoa ka enzyme-catalyzed acylation ea lihlopha tsa amine kapa hydroxyl tse nang le mafura a acid. Tlaleho ea pele-pele ea lipase-catalyzed synthesis ea amino acid amide kapa methyl ester derivatives e sebelisitsoeng Candida antarctica, e nang le lihlahisoa ho tloha ho 25% ho ea ho 90% ho itšetlehile ka sepheo sa amino acid. Methyl ethyl ketone e boetse e sebelisoa e le solvent liketsong tse ling. Vonderhagen et al. e boetse e hlalosa lipase le protease-catalyzed N-acylation reactions tsa amino acid, protein hydrolysates le/kapa derivatives ea tsona e sebelisa motsoako oa metsi le lihlapolli tsa lintho tse phelang (mohlala, dimethylformamide/water) le methyl butyl ketone.
Matsatsing a pele, bothata bo ka sehloohong ba enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ea AAS e ne e le lihlahisoa tse fokolang. Ho latela Valivety et al. kotulo ea N-tetradecanoyl amino acid derivatives e ne e le 2% -10% feela le ka mor'a ho sebelisa lipase tse fapaneng le ho incubating ho 70 ° C ka matsatsi a mangata. Montet et al. hape e ile ea kopana le mathata mabapi le chai e tlase ea li-amino acid ha ho etsoa N-acyl lysine ho sebelisa mafura a acid le oli ea meroho. Ho ea ka bona, lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa sehlahisoa e ne e le 19% tlas'a maemo a se nang solvent le ho sebelisa li-solvents. bothata bo tšoanang bo ile ba kopana le Valivety et al. tlhahisong ea N-Cbz-L-lysine kapa N-Cbz-lysine methyl ester derivatives.
Phuputsong ena, ba boletse hore lihlahisoa tsa 3-O-tetradecanoyl-L-serine e ne e le 80% ha ba sebelisa serine e sirelelitsoeng ea N-protected e le substrate le Novozyme 435 e le ntho e susumetsang tikolohong e qhibilihisitsoeng e se nang solvent. Nagao le Kito ba ithutile O-acylation ea L-serine, L-homoserine, L-threonine le L-tyrosine (LET) ha ba sebelisa lipase Liphetho tsa karabelo (lipase e fumanoe ke Candida cylindracea le Rhizopus delemar ka har'a metsi a buffer medium) mme e tlaleha hore lihlahisoa tsa acylation ea L-homoserine le L-serine li ne li batla li le tlase, ha ho se na acylation ea L-threonine le LET e etsahetseng.
Bafuputsi ba bangata ba tšehelitse tšebeliso ea li-substrates tse theko e tlaase le tse fumanehang habonolo bakeng sa ho kopanya AAS e bolokang chelete e ngata. Soo et al. e boletse hore ho lokisoa ha lintho tse entsoeng ka oli ea palema ho sebetsa hantle ka ho se sebetse hantle ha lipoenzyme. Ba hlokometse hore lihlahisoa tsa lihlahisoa li tla ba betere ho sa tsotellehe karabelo e jang nako (matsatsi a 6). Gerova et al. e batlisitse ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea bokaholimo ba chiral N-palmitoyl AAS e thehiloeng ho methionine, proline, leucine, threonine, phenylalanine le phenylglycine ka motsoako oa cyclic/racemic. Pang le Chu ba hlalositse ho qaptjoa ha li-monomers tse thehiloeng ho amino acid le dicarboxylic acid based monomers ka tharollo Letoto la li-amino acid tse thehiloeng ho biodegradable polyamide esters li ile tsa etsoa ka ho kopana ha condensation tharollong.
Cantaeuzene le Guerreiro ba tlalehile ho hlakisoa ha lihlopha tsa carboxylic acid tsa Boc-Ala-OH le Boc-Asp-OH tse nang le li-alphatic alcohols le diols tsa ketane e telele, tse nang le dichloromethane e le solvent le agarose 4B (Sepharose 4B) joalo ka sehlohlolo. Thutong ena, karabelo ea Boc-Ala-OH ka lino tse mafura ho fihla ho lik'habone tse 16 li fane ka chai e ntle (51%), athe bakeng sa Boc-Asp-OH 6 le 12 carbons li ne li le betere, ka lihlahisoa tse tšoanang tsa 63% [64]. ]. 99.9%) ka lihlahisoa tse tsoang ho 58% ho ea ho 76%, tse entsoeng ka ho thehoa ha li-amide bond tse nang le li-alkylamine tse telele tse telele kapa li-ester tse nang le lino tse tahang ka Cbz-Arg-OMe, moo papain e neng e sebetsa e le sesosa.
5.2.2 Tšimoloho ea li-surfactants tsa amino acid / peptide tse thehiloeng ho gemini
Li-amino acid tse thehiloeng ho li-gemini surfactants li na le limolek'hule tse peli tse otlolohileng tsa AAS tse hokahaneng ka hlooho ho ea ho tse ling ke sehlopha sa spacer. Ho na le merero e ka bang 2 bakeng sa motsoako oa chemoenzymatic oa li-surfactants tsa mofuta oa amino acid tse thehiloeng ho mofuta oa gemini (Figures 6 le 7). Setšoantšong sa 6, lihlahisoa tsa 2 tsa amino acid li sebetsanoa le motsoako e le sehlopha sa spacer ebe lihlopha tse 2 tsa hydrophobic li hlahisoa. Setšoantšong sa 7, meaho e 2 e otlolohileng e hokahane ka kotloloho ke sehlopha sa spacer se sebetsang habeli.
Tsoelo-pele ea pele ea enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ea gemini lipoamino acid e ile ea qalisoa ke Valivety et al. Yoshimura et al. e ile ea fuputsa ka ho qaptjoa, ho bapaloa le ho bokellana ha motsoako oa gemini o thehiloeng ho amino acid e thehiloeng ho cystine le n-alkyl bromide. Li-surfactants tse entsoeng li ne li bapisoa le li-surfactants tse tsamaellanang tsa monomeric. Faustino et al. e hlalositse motsoako oa anionic urea-based monomeric AAS e thehiloeng ho L-cystine, D-cystine, DL-cystine, L-cysteine, L-methionine le L-sulfoalanine le lipara tsa bona tsa gemini ka conductivity, tekano holim'a tsitsipano le botsitso bo tsitsitseng. - boemo ba fluorescence litšobotsi tsa bona. Ho ile ha bontšoa hore boleng ba cmc ba gemini bo ne bo le tlaase ka ho bapisa monomer le gemini.
Fig.6 Synthesis ea gemini AAS e sebelisa li-derivatives tsa AA le spacer, e lateloa ke ho kenngoa ha sehlopha sa hydrophobic
Fig.7 Synthesis of gemini AASs e sebelisa spacer e nang le bifunctional le AAS
5.2.3 Tšimoloho ea glycerolipid amino acid / peptide surfactants
Glycerolipid amino acid/peptide surfactants ke sehlopha se secha sa lipid amino acid tseo e leng li-analogue tsa sebopeho sa glycerol mono- (kapa di-) ester le phospholipids, ka lebaka la sebopeho sa tsona sa liketane tse mafura tse le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tse nang le amino acid e le 'ngoe e hokahantsoeng le mokokotlo oa glycerol. ka bond ea ester. Ho qaptjoa ha li-surfactants tsena ho qala ka ho lokisoa ha li-amino acid tsa glycerol ka mocheso o phahameng le boteng ba lintho tse nang le asiti (mohlala, BF 3). Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis (ho sebelisa hydrolases, proteases le lipases e le li-catalysts) hape ke khetho e ntle (Setšoantšo sa 8).
Ho tlalehoa hore motsoako oa enzyme-catalyzed oa dilaurylated arginine glycerides conjugates sebelisa papain e tlalehiloe. Synthesis ea diacylglycerol ester conjugates ho tloha acetylarginine le tlhahlobo ea thepa ea bona ea physicochemical le tsona li tlalehiloe.
Fig.8 Synthesis ea mono le diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates
sepakapaka: NH-(CH2)10-NH: motsoakoB1
sepakapaka: NH-C6H4-NH: motsoakoB2
sepakapaka: CH2-CH2: motsoakoB3
Fig.9 Synthesis of symmetric amphiphiles e nkiloeng ho Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
5.2.4 Tšimoloho ea li-surfactants tsa amino acid/peptide tse thehiloeng ho bola
Li-amphiphile tsa mofuta oa amino tse thehiloeng ho amino li na le li-amino acid tse 2 tse hokahaneng le ketane e tšoanang ea hydrophobic. Franceschi et al. e hlalositse motsoako oa li-amphiphile tsa mofuta oa bola tse nang le 2 amino acid (D- kapa L-alanine kapa L-histidine) le ketane e le 'ngoe ea alkyl ea bolelele bo fapaneng le ho batlisisa mosebetsi oa bona oa holim'a metsi. Ba buisana ka ho kopanya le ho kopanngoa ha novel mofuta oa bola-amphiphiles ka karoloana ea amino acid (ho sebelisoa e ka bang β-amino acid e sa tloaelehang kapa joala) le sehlopha sa C12 -C20 sa spacer. Li-amino acid tse sa tloaelehang tse sebelisoang e ka ba amino acid ea tsoekere, amino acid e nkiloeng ke azidothymin (AZT), norbornene amino acid, le amino alcohol e nkiloeng ho AZT (Setšoantšo sa 9). ho kopanngoa ha li-amphiphile tsa mofuta oa bola-symmetrical tse nkiloeng ho tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) (Setšoantšo sa 9).
06 Lintho tsa physicochemical
Hoa tsebahala hore li-amino acid tse thehiloeng ho li-surfactants (AAS) li na le mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhaho 'me li na le ts'ebeliso e ntle lits'ebetsong tse ngata tse kang solubilization e ntle, thepa e ntle ea emulsification, ts'ebetso e phahameng, ts'ebetso e phahameng ea holim'a metsi le ho hanyetsa metsi a thata (calcium ion). mamello).
Ho ipapisitsoe le thepa ea surfactant ea li-amino acid (mohlala, tsitsipano ea holim'a metsi, cmc, boits'oaro ba mohato le mocheso oa Krafft), liqeto tse latelang li ile tsa fihleloa ka mor'a liphuputso tse batsi - ts'ebetso ea bokaholimo ba AAS e phahame ho feta ea karolo ea eona e tloaelehileng ea surfactant.
6.1 Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc)
Critical micelle concentration ke e 'ngoe ea li-parameter tsa bohlokoa tsa li-surfactants' me li laola lisebelisoa tse ngata tse sebetsang tse kang solubilization, cell lysis le ho sebelisana ha eona le li-biofilms, joalo-joalo Ka kakaretso, ho eketsa bolelele ba ketane ea mohatla oa hydrocarbon (ho eketseha ha hydrophobicity) ho lebisa ho fokotseha. ka boleng ba cmc ba tharollo ea surfactant, kahoo e eketsa ts'ebetso ea eona e ka holimo. Li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho li-amino acid hangata li na le boleng bo tlase ba cmc ha li bapisoa le li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng.
Ka mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlopha tsa lihlooho le mehatla ea hydrophobic (mono-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide, bi-cationic amide-based ester), Infante et al. e ile ea kopanya AAS tse tharo tse thehiloeng ho arginine 'me tsa ithuta cmc ea tsona le γcmc (khatello ea sefahleho ho cmc), e bontšang hore litekanyetso tsa cmc le γcmc li fokotsehile ka ho eketseha ha mohatla oa hydrophobic. Phuputsong e 'ngoe, Singare le Mhatre ba fumane hore cmc ea N-α-acylarginine surfactants e fokotsehile ka ho eketsa palo ea liathomo tsa carbon tsa hydrophobic tail (Letlapa la 1).
Yoshimura et al. e ile ea batlisisa cmc ea cysteine-derived amino acid-based gemini surfactants 'me ea bontša hore cmc e fokotsehile ha bolelele ba ketane ea carbon ka ketane ea hydrophobic e eketseha ho tloha ho 10 ho ea ho 12. e netefalitseng hore li-surfactants tsa li-gemini tse telele li na le tšekamelo e tlase ea ho bokella.
Faustino et al. e tlaleha ho thehoa ha li-micelles tse tsoakiloeng ka litharollo tse nang le metsi a li-anionic gemini surfactants tse thehiloeng ho cystine. Li-surfactants tsa gemini li ne li boetse li bapisoa le li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng tsa monomeric (C 8 Cys). Litekanyetso tsa cmc tsa metsoako ea lipid-surfactant li tlalehiloe li le tlase ho feta tsa li-surfactants tse hloekileng. gemini surfactants le 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine, phospholipid e qhibilihang ka metsing, e nang le micelle-forming, e ne e e-na le cmc boemong ba millimolar.
Shrestha le Aramaki ba ile ba etsa lipatlisiso ka ho thehoa ha li-micelles tse kang seboko sa viscoelastic ka litharollo tse nang le metsi a li-amino acid tse thehiloeng ho anionic-nonionic surfactants ha ho se na letsoai la motsoako. Thutong ena, N-dodecyl glutamate e fumanoe e na le mocheso o phahameng oa Krafft; leha ho le joalo, ha e se na amino acid L-lysine ea motheo, e ile ea hlahisa li-micelles 'me tharollo ea qala ho itšoara joaloka mokelikeli oa Newtonian ka 25 °C.
6.2 Ho qhibiliha ha metsi hantle
Ho qhibiliha ha metsi hantle ha AAS ho bakoa ke ho ba teng ha litlamo tse eketsehileng tsa CO-NH. Sena se etsa hore AAS e senyehe haholoanyane le hore e se ke ea senya tikoloho ho feta li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng tse tsamaisanang le tsona. Ho qhibiliha ha metsi ha N-acyl-L-glutamic acid ho molemo le ho feta ka lebaka la lihlopha tsa eona tse 2 tsa carboxyl. Ho qhibiliha ha metsi ka Cn(CA) 2 ho boetse ho molemo hobane ho na le lihlopha tse 2 tsa arginine tsa ionic ka molek'hule e le 1, e leng se etsang hore ho be le papatso e sebetsang haholoanyane le ho hasana ka har'a sebopeho sa sele esita le ho thibela likokoana-hloko tse atlehang libakeng tse tlaase.
6.3 mocheso oa Krafft le sebaka sa Krafft
Thempereichara ea Krafft e ka utloisisoa e le mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho qhibiliha ha li-surfactants tseo ho qhibiliha ha tsona ho eketsehang haholo ho feta mocheso o itseng. Li-ionic surfactants li na le tšekamelo ea ho hlahisa li-hydrate tse tiileng, tse ka tsoang metsing. Ka mocheso o itseng (seo ho thoeng ke mocheso oa Krafft), keketseho e tsotehang le e sa khaotseng ea ho qhibiliha ha li-surfactants hangata e bonoa. Sebaka sa Krafft sa surfactant ea ionic ke mocheso oa eona oa Krafft ho cmc.
Tšobotsi ena ea solubility e atisa ho bonoa bakeng sa li-ionic surfactants 'me e ka hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang: ho qhibiliha ha monomer ea surfactant e fokolang ho lekanyelitsoe ka tlase ho mocheso oa Krafft ho fihlela ntlha ea Krafft e fihla, moo ho qhibiliha ha eona ho ntseng ho eketseha butle-butle ka lebaka la ho thehoa ha micelle. Ho netefatsa ho qhibiliha ka ho feletseng, hoa hlokahala ho lokisa metsoako ea surfactant mochesong o ka holimo ho sebaka sa Krafft.
Thempereichara ea Krafft ea AAS e 'nile ea ithutoa' me ea bapisoa le ea li-synthetic surfactants tse tloaelehileng.Shrestha le Aramaki ba ile ba ithuta mocheso oa Krafft oa AAS e thehiloeng ho arginine 'me ba fumana hore mahloriso a mahlonoko a micelle a bonts'a boitšoaro ba ho kopanya ka mokhoa oa li-pre-micelles ka holimo ho 2-5. × 10-6 mol-L -1 e lateloa ke sebopeho se tloaelehileng sa micelle (Ohta et al. a kopanya mefuta e tšeletseng e fapaneng ea N-hexadecanoyl AAS 'me a buisana ka kamano pakeng tsa mocheso oa Krafft le masala a amino acid.
Litekong, ho ile ha fumanoa hore mocheso oa Krafft oa N-hexadecanoyl AAS o eketsehile ka boholo bo fokotsehang ba masala a amino acid (phenylalanine e le mokhelo), ha mocheso oa solubility (mocheso oa mocheso) o eketseha ka boholo bo fokotsehang ba masala a amino acid ntle le glycine le phenylalanine). Ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea hore tsamaisong ea alanine le phenylalanine, ho sebelisana ha DL ho matla ho feta ho sebelisana ha LL ka mokhoa o tiileng oa letsoai la N-hexadecanoyl AAS.
Brito et al. e ile ea etsa qeto ea mocheso oa Krafft oa lihlopha tse tharo tsa li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho amino acid tse sebelisang phapang ea microcalorimetry 'me tsa fumana hore ho fetola ion ea trifluoroacetate ho iodide ion ho entse hore ho be le keketseho e kholo ea mocheso oa Krafft (hoo e ka bang 6 °C), ho tloha ho 47 °C ho ea ho 53 °. C. Ho ba teng ha li-bond tsa cis-double le ho se sebetse ho teng ka har'a ketane e telele ea Ser-derivatives ho lebisitse ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha mocheso oa Krafft. n-Dodecyl glutamate e tlalehiloe hore e na le mocheso o phahameng oa Krafft. Leha ho le joalo, ho se nke lehlakore ka amino acid ea L-lysine ho entse hore ho thehoe li-micelles ka tharollo e neng e sebetsa joaloka metsi a Newtonian ho 25 °C.
6.4 Ho tsitsipana ha sefahleho
Khohlano e kaholimo ea li-surfactants e amana le bolelele ba ketane ea karolo ea hydrophobic. Zhang et al. e ile ea etsa qeto ea tsitsipano ea holim'a sodium cocoyl glycinate ka mokhoa oa poleiti ea Wilhelmy (25±0.2) °C mme e lekanya boleng ba tsitsipano ea holim'a cmc e le 33 mN-m -1, cmc e le 0.21 mmol-L -1. Yoshimura et al. etsa qeto ea tsitsipano ea holim'a 2C n Cys mofuta oa amino acid e thehiloeng holim'a tsitsipano ea 2C n Cys e thehiloeng holim'a mahlahana a sebetsang. Ho ile ha fumanoa hore tsitsipano ea holim'a cmc e fokotsehile ka bolelele ba ketane e ntseng e eketseha (ho fihlela n = 8), ha mokhoa ona o khutlisetsoa morao bakeng sa li-surfactants tse nang le n = 12 kapa bolelele ba ketane e telele.
Tšusumetso ea CaC1 2 holim'a tsitsipano e kaholimo ea li-amino acid tse thehiloeng ho dicarboxylated le tsona li ithutile. Lithutong tsena, CaC1 2 e kentsoe litharollong tse nang le metsi tsa li-surfactants tse tharo tsa mofuta oa dicarboxylated amino acid (C12 MalNa 2, C12 AspNa 2, le C12 GluNa 2). Litekanyetso tsa sehlaba ka mor'a cmc li bapisoa 'me ho ile ha fumanoa hore tsitsipano ea holim'a metsi e fokotsehile ka likhahla tse tlaase haholo tsa CaC1 2. Sena se bakoa ke phello ea li-ion tsa k'halsiamo tlhophisong ea surfactant sebakeng sa metsi a khase. tsitsipano e kaholimo ea letsoai la N-dodecylaminomalonate le N-dodecylaspartate, ka lehlakoreng le leng, le eona e ne e batla e lula e le teng ho fihla ho 10 mmol-L -1 CaC1 2 concentration. Ka holimo ho 10 mmol-L -1, tsitsipano ea holim'a metsi e eketseha haholo, ka lebaka la ho thehoa ha pula ea letsoai la calcium ea surfactant. Bakeng sa letsoai la disodium la N-dodecyl glutamate, ho eketsa ka mokhoa o itekanetseng oa CaC1 2 ho ile ha fella ka ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha tsitsipano ea holim'a metsi, ha keketseho e tsoelang pele ea mahloriso a CaC1 2 ha e sa hlola e baka liphetoho tse kholo.
Ho fumana hore na adsorption kinetics ea mofuta oa gemini-mofuta oa AAS ho sebopeho sa metsi a khase, tsitsipano e matla ea holim'a metsi e ile ea khethoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o phahameng oa khatello ea bubble. Liphetho li bontšitse hore bakeng sa nako e telele ka ho fetisisa ea teko, tsitsipano e matla ea 2C 12 Cys ha ea fetoha. Ho fokotseha ha tsitsipano e matla ea holim'a metsi ho itšetlehile feela ka mahloriso, bolelele ba mehatla ea hydrophobic, le palo ea mehatla ea hydrophobic. Ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa surfactant, ho fokotseha ha bolelele ba ketane hammoho le palo ea liketane ho felletse ka ho bola ka potlako. Liphetho tse fumanoeng bakeng sa likhahla tse phahameng tsa C n Cys (n = 8 ho 12) li fumanoe li le haufi haholo le γ cmc e lekantsoeng ka mokhoa oa Wilhelmy.
Phuputsong e 'ngoe, tsitsipano e matla ea holim'a sodium dilauryl cystine (SDLC) le sodium didecamino cystine e ile ea khethoa ke mokhoa oa poleiti ea Wilhelmy, mme ho feta moo, tsitsipano ea holim'a metsi a tekano ea tharollo ea bona ea metsi e ile ea khethoa ke mokhoa oa ho theoha ha molumo. Karabelo ea li-bond tsa disulfide e ile ea hlahlojoa hape ka mekhoa e meng hape. Ho eketsoa ha mercaptoethanol ho 0.1 mmol-L -1SDLC tharollo e lebisitse ho keketseho e potlakileng ea tsitsipano ea holim'a metsi ho tloha 34 mN-m -1 ho 53 mN-m -1. Kaha NaClO e ka oxidize li-disulfide bond tsa SDLC ho lihlopha tsa sulfonic acid, ha ho li-aggregates tse ileng tsa hlokomeloa ha NaClO (5 mmol-L -1) e kenngoa ho tharollo ea 0.1 mmol-L -1 SDLC. Phetiso ea electron microscopy le liphetho tse matla tsa ho hasanya leseli li bontšitse hore ha ho na li-aggregates tse entsoeng ka tharollo. Khatello ea holim'a SDLC e fumanoe e eketseha ho tloha 34 mN-m -1 ho 60 mN-m -1 ka nako ea 20 min.
6.5 Tšebelisano ea holim'a binary
Lisaenseng tsa bophelo, lihlopha tse 'maloa li ithutile mekhoa ea ho sisinyeha ea motsoako oa cationic AAS (diacylglycerol arginine-based surfactants) le phospholipids ho sebopeho sa metsi a khase, qetellong a etsa qeto ea hore thepa ena e sa lokelang e baka ho ata ha litšebelisano tsa motlakase.
6.6 Thepa ea ho kopanya
Ho hasanya ha leseli ho matla ho tloaelehile ho sebelisoa ho fumana likarolo tsa ho bokellana ha li-monomers tse thehiloeng ho amino acid le li-gemini surfactants libakeng tse ka holimo ho cmc, ho fana ka bophara bo hlakileng ba hydrodynamic DH (= 2R H ). Li-aggregates tse entsoeng ke C n Cys le 2Cn Cys li batla li le kholo 'me li na le kabo e pharaletseng ha li bapisoa le li-surfactants tse ling. Li-surfactants tsohle ntle le 2C 12 Cys hangata li etsa li-aggregates tse ka bang 10 nm. Li-micelle tsa li-surfactants tsa gemini li kholo haholo ho feta tsa balekane ba tsona ba monomeric. Keketseho ea bolelele ba ketane ea hydrocarbon e boetse e lebisa keketseho ea boholo ba micelle. ohta et al. e hlalositse thepa ea ho bokellana ea li-stereoisomer tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa N-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanine tetramethylammonium ka tharollo e nang le metsi 'me ea bontša hore li-diastereoisomers li na le mahloriso a ts'oanang a bohlokoa a ho bokellana ka tharollo ea metsi. Iwahashi et al. e batlisisitsoeng ke circular dichroism, NMR le khatello ea mouoane osmometry Ho thehoa ha li-chiral aggregates tsa N-dodecanoyl-L-glutamic acid, N-dodecanoyl-L-valine le li-ester tsa methyl ka li-solvents tse fapaneng (tse kang tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, 1,4 -dioxane le 1,2-dichloroethane) e nang le thepa ea ho potoloha e ile ea hlahlojoa ke dichroism e chitja, NMR le khatello ea mouoane osmometry.
6.7 Ho ipapisa le sefahleho
Khokahano ea sefahleho ea li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho amino acid le papiso ea eona le mphato oa eona o tloaelehileng ke e 'ngoe ea litaelo tsa lipatlisiso. Mohlala, ho ile ha fuputsoa litšobotsi tsa li-interfacial adsorption tsa dodecyl esters tsa li-amino acid tse nkhang hamonate tse fumanoeng ho LET le LEP. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore LET le LEP li bonts'itse libaka tse tlase tsa sefahleho sebakeng sa mokelikeli oa khase le sehokelo sa metsi/hexane, ka ho latellana.
Bordes et al. e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso ka boits'oaro ba tharollo le adsorption sebakeng sa metsi a khase ea li-surfactants tse tharo tsa dicarboxylated amino acid, letsoai la disodium la dodecyl glutamate, dodecyl aspartate, le aminomalonate (e nang le 3, 2, le 1 liathomo tsa khabone lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tsa carboxyl, ka ho latellana). Ho ea ka tlaleho ena, cmc ea li-surfactants tsa dicarboxylated e ne e phahame ka makhetlo a 4-5 ho feta ea letsoai la monocarboxylated dodecyl glycine. Sena se bakoa ke ho thehoa ha maqhama a haedrojene lipakeng tsa li-dicarboxylated surfactants le limolek'hule tsa boahelani ka lihlopha tsa amide tse ho eona.
6.8 Boitšoaro ba mokhahlelo
Mekhahlelo e sa khaotseng ea li-cubic ea Isotropic e bonoa bakeng sa li-surfactants tse maemong a holimo haholo. Limolek'hule tse nang le li-surfactant tse nang le lihlopha tse kholo haholo tsa hlooho li atisa ho theha lihlopha tse nyenyane tsa curvature e ntle. marques et al. e ithutile ka boits'oaro ba karolo ea 12Lys12/12Ser le 8Lys8/16Ser (bona setšoantšo sa 10), mme liphetho li bonts'a hore sistimi ea 12Lys12/12Ser e na le sebaka sa karohano lipakeng tsa libaka tsa tharollo ea micellar le vesicular, athe 8Lys8/16Ser system Sistimi ea 8Lys8/16Ser e bonts'a phetoho e tsoelang pele (sebaka se selelele sa micellar phase lipakeng tsa sebaka se senyenyane sa micellar phase le sebaka sa vesicle phase). Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore sebakeng sa vesicle ea 12Lys12/12Ser system, li-vesicles li lula li le teng le li-micelles, ha sebaka sa vesicle sa 8Ls8/16Ser se na le li-vesicles feela.
Metsoako ea Catanionic ea lysine- le serine-based surfactants: symmetric 12Ls12/12Ser pair(le letšehali) le asymmetric 8Ls8/16Ser pair (ka ho le letona)
6.9 Bokhoni ba ho emola
Kouchi et al. e ile ea hlahloba bokhoni ba emulsifying, tsitsipano ea sefahleho, dispersibility, le viscosity ea N- [3-dodecyl-2-hydroxypropyl] -L-arginine, L-glutamate, le AAS tse ling. Ha ho bapisoa le li-synthetic surfactants (li-mphato tsa bona tse tloaelehileng tsa nonionic le amphoteric), liphetho li bonts'itse hore AAS e na le bokhoni bo matla ba ho etsa emulsifying ho feta li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng.
Baczko et al. li-surfactants tse ncha tsa anionic amino acid 'me tsa etsa lipatlisiso tsa ho tšoaneleha ha tsona e le li-solvents tsa NMR tse shebaneng le chiral. Letoto la li-amphiphilic tse thehiloeng ho sulfonate L-Phe kapa L-Ala tse tsoang ho L-Ala tse nang le mehatla e fapaneng ea hydrophobic (pentyl~tetradecyl) li ile tsa etsoa ka ho arabela amino acid ka o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. Wu et al. synthesized sodium letsoai la N-fatty acyl AAS lee ile ea batlisisa bokhoni ba bona ba emulsification ho li-emulsion tsa oli ka metsing, 'me liphetho li bontšitse hore li-surfactants tsena li sebetsa hantle ka ethyl acetate e le karolo ea oli ho feta n-hexane e le karolo ea oli.
6.10 Tsoelo-pele ea ho kopanya le ho hlahisa
Ho hanyetsa metsi ka thata ho ka utloisisoa e le bokhoni ba li-surfactants ho hanela boteng ba li-ion tse kang k'halsiamo le magnesium metsing a thata, ke hore, bokhoni ba ho qoba pula e kenang ka har'a sesepa sa calcium. Li-surfactants tse nang le khanyetso e phahameng ea metsi a thata li bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa litlolo tsa sesepa le lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea motho. Ho hanyetsa metsi ka thata ho ka hlahlojoa ka ho bala phetoho ea ho qhibiliha le mosebetsi oa holim'a metsi ka pel'a li-ion tsa calcium.
Tsela e 'ngoe ea ho lekola ho hanyetsa ha metsi ka thata ke ho bala peresente kapa ligrama tsa surfactant e hlokahalang bakeng sa sesepa sa calcium se entsoeng ho tloha ho 100 g ea sodium oleate hore e hasane ka metsing. Libakeng tse nang le metsi a mangata a thata, lik'hemik'hale tse ngata tsa calcium le magnesium ion le liminerale li ka etsa hore ho be thata ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse ling. Hangata ion ea sodium e sebelisoa e le ion ea counter ea anionic surfactant ea maiketsetso. Kaha divalent calcium ion e tlameletsoe ho limolek'hule tse peli tsa surfactant, e etsa hore sepakapaka se theohe habonolo ho tsoa ho tharollo e etsang hore detergency e fokotsehe.
Boithuto ba ho hanyetsa metsi a thata a AAS bo bontšitse hore asiti le ho hanyetsa metsi a thata li susumelitsoe ka matla ke sehlopha se eketsehileng sa carboxyl, 'me ho hanyetsa metsi a thata le metsi a thata ho ile ha eketseha ka ho eketseha ha bolelele ba sehlopha sa spacer pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tsa carboxyl. . Taelo ea ho hanyetsa acid le metsi a thata e ne e le C 12 glycinate <C 12 aspartate <C 12 glutamate. Ha ho bapisoa dicarboxylated amide bond le dicarboxylated amino surfactant, ka ho latellana, ho ile ha fumanoa hore mofuta oa pH oa morao-rao o ne o pharalletse mme mosebetsi oa eona o holim'a metsi o ile oa eketseha ka ho eketsoa ha tekanyo e loketseng ea asiti. Dicarboxylated N-alkyl amino acid e bonts'itse phello ea chelating boteng ba li-ion tsa calcium, 'me C 12 aspartate e thehile gel e tšoeu. c 12 glutamate e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea bokaholimo bo phahameng ba Ca 2+ 'me e lebelletsoe ho sebelisoa ho ntša letsoai metsing a leoatle.
6.11 Ho qhalana
Dispersibility e bolela bokhoni ba motho ea tsoang holim'a metsi ho thibela coalescence le sedimentation ea surfactant ka tharollo.Dispersibility ke thepa ea bohlokoa ea li-surfactants tse etsang hore li tšoanelehe ho sebelisoa ho li-detergents, litlolo le meriana.Sehlahisoa se tlameha ho ba le bond ea ester, ether, amide kapa amino lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa hydrophobic le sehlopha sa terminal sa hydrophilic (kapa har'a lihlopha tse otlolohileng tsa hydrophobic).
Ka kakaretso, li-anionic surfactants tse kang alkanolamido sulfates le li-amphoteric surfactants tse kang amidosulfobetaine li sebetsa ka ho khetheha e le lisebelisoa tsa ho qhalakanya bakeng sa sesepa sa calcium.
Boiteko bo bongata ba lipatlisiso bo entse qeto ea ho senyeha ha AAS, moo N-lauroyl lysine e fumanoeng e sa tsamaisane hantle le metsi 'me ho le thata ho e sebelisa bakeng sa litlolo tsa litlolo.Letotong lena, li-amino acid tse nkeloang sebaka ke N-acyl li na le phepelo e ntle haholo 'me li sebelisoa indastering ea litlolo ho ntlafatsa litlolo.
07 Chefo
Li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng, haholo-holo li-cationic surfactants, li chefo haholo ho lintho tse phelang metsing. Chefo ea bona e matla e bakoa ke ts'ebelisano ea adsorption-ion ea li-surfactants sebakeng sa cell-water interface. Ho fokotsa cmc ea li-surfactants hangata ho lebisa tlhokomelong e matla ea li-surfactants, tse atisang ho fella ka chefo ea tsona e phahameng. Keketseho ea bolelele ba ketane ea hydrophobic ea li-surfactants le eona e lebisa keketsehong ea chefo e matla ea surfactant.Li-AAS tse ngata li tlaase kapa ha li na chefo ho batho le tikolohong (haholo-holo ho lintho tse phelang metsing) 'me li loketse ho sebelisoa e le metsoako ea lijo, meriana le litlolo.Bafuputsi ba bangata ba bontšitse hore li-amino acid surfactants li bonolo ebile ha li khopise letlalo. Li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho arginine li tsejoa li le chefo e nyane ho feta balekane ba tsona ba tloaelehileng.
Brito et al. e ithutile ka litšobotsi tsa physicochemical le toxicological ea li-amphiphiles tse thehiloeng ho amino acid le [lintlha tse tsoang ho tyrosine (Tyr), hydroxyproline (Hyp), serine (Ser) le lysine (Lys)] ka boithaopo ho thehoa ha li-cationic vesicles le ho fana ka lintlha mabapi le chefo ea tsona e matla ho Daphnia magna (IC 50). Ba ile ba etsa li-cationic vesicles tsa dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)/Lys-derivatives le/kapa Ser-/Lys-derivative metsoako le ho leka ecotoxicity ea bona le bokhoni ba hemolytic, ba bontša hore AAS eohle le metsoako ea tsona e nang le vesicle e ne e le chefo e fokolang ho feta DTA e tloaelehileng ea surfactant. .
Rosa et al. e ile ea batlisisa ka ho tlama (kopano) ha DNA ho li-amino acid tse thehiloeng ho cationic vesicles. Ho fapana le li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng tsa cationic, tse atisang ho bonahala li le chefo, tšebelisano ea li-amino acid tsa cationic e bonahala e se chefo. The cationic AAS e thehiloe holim'a arginine, eo ka boithaopo e etsang li-vesicles tse tsitsitseng hammoho le li-surfactants tse itseng tsa anionic. Li-amino acid-based corrosion inhibitors le tsona li tlalehoa li se na chefo. Li-surfactants tsena li entsoe habonolo ka bohloeki bo phahameng (ho fihla ho 99%), theko e tlase, e senyeha habonolo, 'me e qhibiliha ka ho feletseng mecheng ea metsi. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore li-surfactants tse nang le sebabole tse nang le amino acid li phahametse ho thibela kutu.
Phuputsong ea morao tjena, Perinelli et al. e tlalehile boemo bo khotsofatsang ba toxicological ba rhamnolipids ha bo bapisoa le li-surfactants tse tloaelehileng. Rhamnolipids e tsejoa hore e sebetsa e le lisebelisoa tse matlafatsang matla. Ba boetse ba tlaleha phello ea rhamnolipids ho epithelial permeability ea lithethefatsi tsa macromolecular.
08 Tšebetso ea lithibela-mafu
Ts'ebetso ea antimicrobial ea li-surfactants e ka hlahlojoa ka bongata ba inhibitory concentration. Ts'ebetso ea antimicrobial ea li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho arginine e ithutile ka botlalo. Ho ile ha fumanoa hore likokoana-hloko tsa gram-negative li hanyetsana le li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho arginine ho feta baktheria ea Gram-positive. Ts'ebetso ea antimicrobial ea li-surfactants hangata e eketseha ka boteng ba hydroxyl, cyclopropane kapa li-unsaturated bonds ka har'a liketane tsa acyl. Castillo et al. e bontšitse hore bolelele ba liketane tsa acyl le tefiso e ntle li etsa qeto ea boleng ba HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) ea molek'hule, 'me tsena li na le phello ea bokhoni ba tsona ba ho senya lera. Nα-acylarginine methyl ester ke sehlopha se seng sa bohlokoa sa li- cationic surfactants tse nang le tšebetso e pharaletseng ea antimicrobial 'me E khona ho senyeha habonolo ebile e na le chefo e tlase kapa ha e na chefo. Lithuto mabapi le tšebelisano ea li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho Nα-acylarginine methyl ester tse nang le 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine le 1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine, li-membrane tsa mofuta o phelang. ho ba teng kapa ho ba sieo ha mekoallo ea ka ntle ho bontšitse hore sehlopha sena sa li-surfactants se na le li-antimicrobial tse ntle Liphetho li bontšitse hore li-surfactants li na le ts'ebetso e ntle ea antibacterial.
09 Thepa ea mali
Thepa ea rheological ea li-surfactants e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ho tseba le ho bolela esale pele litšebeliso tsa bona liindastering tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa lijo, meriana, ho ntša oli, tlhokomelo ea botho le lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea lapeng. Liphuputso tse ngata li entsoe ho buisana ka kamano pakeng tsa viscoelasticity ea amino acid surfactants le cmc.
Likopo tse 10 indastering ea litlolo
Li-AAS li sebelisoa ha ho etsoa lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa tlhokomelo ea botho.potassium N-cocoyl glycinate e fumanoa e le bonolo letlalong 'me e sebelisoa ho hloekisa sefahleho ho tlosa litšila le litlolo. n-Acyl-L-glutamic acid e na le lihlopha tse peli tsa carboxyl, tse etsang hore e qhibilihe haholoanyane metsing. Har'a tsena AAS, AAS e thehiloeng ho C 12 fatty acids e sebelisoa haholo ho hloekisa sefahleho ho tlosa seretse le litlolo. AAS e nang le ketane ea C 18 e sebelisoa e le li-emulsifiers lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo, 'me letsoai la N-Lauryl alanine le tsejoa hore le etsa li-foam tse monate tse sa halefisang letlalo, kahoo li ka sebelisoa ha ho etsoa lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea masea. N-Lauryl-based AAS e sebelisoang ka sesepa sa meno e na le detergency e ntle e ts'oanang le sesepa le katleho e matla ea enzyme-inhibiting.
Lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse fetileng, khetho ea li-surfactants bakeng sa litlolo, lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea botho le meriana e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho chefo e tlaase, bonolo, bonolo ho ama le ho sireletseha. Bareki ba lihlahisoa tsena ba tseba hantle hore na ho ka ba le ho teneha, chefo le maemo a tikoloho.
Kajeno, AAS e sebelisetsoa ho etsa li-shampoo tse ngata, lidae tsa moriri le sesepa sa ho hlapa ka lebaka la melemo ea tsona e mengata ho feta balekane ba bona ba setso ho litlolo le lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea botho.Li-surfactants tse thehiloeng ho protheine li na le thepa e lakatsehang e hlokahalang bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea motho. Li-AAS tse ling li na le bokhoni ba ho etsa lifilimi, ha tse ling li na le bokhoni bo botle ba ho foam.
Li-amino acid ke lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse hlahang ka tlhaho ho stratum corneum. Ha lisele tsa epidermal li shoa, li fetoha karolo ea stratum corneum 'me liprotheine tsa intracellular butle-butle li senyeha ho ba li-amino acid. Li-amino acid tsena li fetisetsoa ho ea pele ho stratum corneum, moo li monyang mafura kapa lintho tse kang mafura ka har'a epidermal stratum corneum, ka tsela eo, e ntlafatsa ho saroloha ha bokaholimo ba letlalo. Hoo e ka bang 50% ea ntho ea tlhaho e mongobo letlalong e entsoe ka li-amino acid le pyrrolidone.
Collagen, e leng motsoako o tloaelehileng oa litlolo, e boetse e na le li-amino acid tse bolokang letlalo le le bonolo.Mathata a letlalo a kang ho ba mahoashe le ho ba lerootho a bakoa haholo ke khaello ea li-amino acid. Phuputso e ’ngoe e bontšitse hore ho kopanya asiti ea amino le setlolo ho kokobetsa ho chesoa ha letlalo, ’me libaka tse amehileng li ile tsa khutlela boemong ba tsona bo tloaelehileng ntle le ho fetoha mabadi a keloid.
Li-amino acid le tsona li fumanoe li thusa haholo ho hlokomela li-cuticles tse senyehileng.Moriri o omileng, o se nang sebopeho o ka bonts'a ho fokotseha ha bongata ba li-amino acid ka har'a stratum corneum e senyehileng haholo. Li-amino acid li na le bokhoni ba ho kenella ka hare ho cuticle ka har'a shaft ea moriri le ho monya mongobo letlalong.Bokhoni bona ba li-amino acid tse thehiloeng ho li-surfactants li etsa hore li be molemo haholo ho li-shampoo, lidae tsa moriri, li-softeners tsa moriri, li-conditioner tsa moriri, 'me boteng ba li-amino acid bo etsa hore moriri o be matla.
11 Likopo ho litlolo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi
Hajoale, ho na le tlhoko e ntseng e hola ea litlolo tse entsoeng ka amino acid lefatšeng ka bophara.Li-AAS li tsejoa li na le bokhoni bo ntlafetseng ba ho hloekisa, bokhoni ba ho phophoma le lisebelisoa tsa ho nolofatsa masela, e leng se etsang hore li tšoanelehe bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ntlo, li-shampoo, lihlapa tsa 'mele le lisebelisoa tse ling.Aspartic acid-derived amphoteric AAS e tlalehoa e le sesepa se sebetsang haholo se nang le thepa ea chelating. Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa sesepa tse nang le N-alkyl-β-aminoethoxy acid e fumanoe ho fokotsa ho teneha ha letlalo. Sehlahisoa sa mokelikeli sa metsi se entsoeng ka N-cocoyl-β-aminopropionate se tlalehiloe e le sesepa se sebetsang hantle bakeng sa litšila tsa oli holim'a tšepe. Aminocarboxylic acid surfactant, C 14 CHOHCH 2 NHCH 2 COONA, e boetse e bontšitsoe hore e na le detergency e betere mme e sebelisetsoa ho hloekisa masela, lik'hapete, moriri, likhalase, joalo-joalo The 2-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid-N,N- acetoacetic acid derivative e tsejoa e na le bokhoni bo botle ba ho kopanya 'me kahoo e fana ka botsitso ho li-bleaching agents.
Ho lokisoa ha metsoako ea sesepa e thehiloeng ho N-(N'-long-chain acyl-β-alanyl)-β-alanine e tlalehiloe ke Keigo le Tatsuya ka patent ea bona bakeng sa bokhoni ba ho hlatsoa hantle le botsitso, ho pshatla lekoala habonolo le ho nolofatsa lesela le letle. . Kao o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea sesepa e thehiloeng ho N-Acyl-1 -N-hydroxy-β-alanine 'me e tlaleha ho halefa ha letlalo le tlaase, ho hanyetsa metsi a mangata le matla a phahameng a ho tlosa letheba.
Khampani ea Japane Ajinomoto e sebelisa AAS e nang le chefo e tlaase le e senyehang habonolo e thehiloeng ho L-glutamic acid, L-arginine le L-lysine e le lisebelisoa tse ka sehloohong tsa li-shampoo, li-detergents le litlolo (Setšoantšo sa 13). Bokhoni ba li-additives tsa enzyme ho li-detergent formulations ho tlosa protheine fouling le tsona li tlalehiloe. N-acyl AAS e nkiloeng ho glutamic acid, alanine, methylglycine, serine le aspartic acid li tlalehiloe bakeng sa tšebeliso ea tsona e le li-detergents tse babatsehang tsa metsi ka tharollo ea metsi. Li-surfactants tsena ha li eketse viscosity ho hang, esita le ka mocheso o tlase haholo, 'me li ka fetisoa habonolo ho tloha sekepeng sa polokelo sa sesebelisoa sa foaming ho fumana foams homogeneous.
Nako ea poso: Phup-09-2022